Paciente varón de tres años con sibilancias y tos crónica / Three-Year-Old Male with Wheezing and Chronic Cough

Se presenta el caso de un niño de 3 años con diagnóstico de asma, rinitis alérgica, características craneofaciales dismórficas e infecciones respiratorias altas y bajas recurrentes, manejado como asma desde un inicio. Como parte del estudio de comorbilidades, se decide realizar una prueba del sudor que sale en rango intermedio y más tarde se encuentra una mutación, donde se obtiene un resultado positivo para una copia que se asocia a fibrosis quística. Se revisará el caso, así como el diagnóstico, clínica y tratamiento del síndrome metabólico relacionado con el regulador de conductancia transmembrana de fibrosis quística (CRMS).

We present the case of a 3-year-old boy with a diagnosis of asthma, allergic rhinitis, dysmorphic craniofacial characteristics and recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections, managed as asthma from the beginning. As part of the study of comorbidi-ties, it was decided to carry out a sweat test that came out in the intermediate range and later one mutation was found, where a positive result was obtained for a copy that is associated with cystic fibrosis. The case will be reviewed, as well as the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of the metabolic syndrome related to the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CRMS).

Expressão de microRNA no plasma e suas relações com biomarcadores cardiometabólicos e dieta em idosos participantes de estudo de base populacional (ISA Capital) / Plasma microRNA expression and its associations with cardiometabolic biomarkers, and diet in elderly participants of a population-based study (ISA Capital)

Introdução - O desenvolvimento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) em idosos está relacionado, dentre outros fatores, à desregulação da expressão de microRNAs (miRNAs), a qual pode ser modulada por fatores ambientais, incluindo o padrão alimentar. Objetivo - Avaliar o perfil de expressão plasmática de miRNAs e suas relações com biomarcadores cardiometabólicos e dieta em idosos do estudo de base populacional ISA Capital. Métodos - Estudo transversal, com subamostra de 200 indivíduos idosos participantes do ISA Nutrição. Foi avaliado o perfil de expressão de 21 miRNAs plasmáticos. Os indivíduos foram avaliados quanto às medidas antropométricas e à pressão arterial sistêmica; biomarcadores glicêmicos, do perfil lipídico e inflamatórios; e ao consumo alimentar. Calculou-se o escore de inflamação crônica e de baixo grau (SIS) a partir das concentrações de 10 biomarcadores inflamatórios. A expressão plasmática dos miRNAs circulantes foi analisada a partir do método Fluidigm. Os indivíduos avaliados foram distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou não de síndrome metabólica (SM), e o teste ajustado de Wald foi utilizado para comparar a expressão dos miRNAs entre os grupos. A partir do coeficiente tau-a de Kendall estimou-se as correlações entre a expressão dos miRNAs e variáveis de interesse. O teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para determinar as diferenças no SIS em indivíduos de acordo com o sexo e a presença de SM. O teste de correlação de Spearman estimou as correlações entre o SIS, concentrações de leptina, miRNAs e demais variáveis de interesse. Além disso, utilizou-se modelos lineares generalizados (MLGs) para aprofundar as associações encontradas. As análises foram realizadas nos softwares Stata/SE (versão 17.0) e R (versão 4.2.3), considerando nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados - A amostra final deste estudo consistiu em 193 indivíduos (69,1 (0,5) anos), sendo 50,4% do sexo feminino, e 64,7% com SM. A expressão plasmática dos miR-30a e miR-122 foi maior em indivíduos com SM do que naqueles sem SM, e sua expressão se correlacionou à glicemia e insulinemia em jejum, HOMA1-IR, HDL-c, VLDL-c, LDL-c, colesterol não-HDL e triacilgliceróis. Além disso, associações negativas entre cinco miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-16, miR-223, miR-363, miR-532), concentração de leptina e/ou SIS foram observadas. Ainda, o consumo de diversos grupos alimentares influenciou a expressão plasmática dos miRNAs. O consumo diário de 100 g de frutas se relacionou à redução na expressão dos miR-16, miR-30a, miR-126, miR-130b, miR-363, miR-375, miR-486 e miR-532. Contudo, o consumo de carne vermelha se associou ao aumento na expressão plasmática de quatro miRNAs (miR-126, miR-150, miR-223 e miR-376a). Ainda, observou-se que o consumo diário de 100 g de hortaliças se associou a uma chance 7 vezes maior de os indivíduos avaliados não apresentarem SM. Conclusões - O aumento da expressão plasmática dos miR-21, miR-30a e miR-122 sugere maior risco cardiometabólico, ao passo que a redução na expressão dos miR-15a, miR-16, miR-223, miR-363 e miR-532 sugere menor risco cardiometabólico em idosos. Ainda, os resultados encontrados enfatizam a importância da adoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis na regulação da expressão dos miRNAs e, consequentemente, na redução do risco de desenvolvimento de DCNT.

Introduction: The development of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) in older adults is related, among other factors, to the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression, which can be modulated by environmental factors, including dietary patterns. Objectives: To assess the plasma expression profile of miRNAs and its relationships with cardiometabolic biomarkers and diet of older adults participating in the ISA Capital population-based study. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with a sub-sample of 200 older adults participating in ISA Nutrition. The expression profile of 21 plasma miRNAs was evaluated. Subjects were evaluated for anthropometric measurements and systemic blood pressure; glycemic, lipid and inflammatory biomarkers; and food consumption. Furthermore, the chronic and low-grade inflammation score (SIS) was calculated based on the concentrations of 10 inflammatory biomarkers. The plasma expression of circulating miRNAs was analyzed using the Fluidigm method. The evaluated individuals were distributed into two groups according to the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and the adjusted Wald test was used to compare the expression of miRNAs between the groups. Using Kendall's tau-a coefficient, correlations between miRNAs expression and variables of interest were estimated. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to determine differences in SIS based on the distribution of individuals according to sex and the presence of MetS. The Spearman correlation test estimated correlations between SIS, leptin concentrations, miRNAs and other variables of interest. Furthermore, generalized linear models were used to deepen the associations found. All analyzes were performed using Stata/SE (version 17.0) and R (version 4.2.3) software, considering a significance level of 0.05. Results: The final sample of this study consisted of 193 individuals, (69.1 (0.5) years), 50.4% of whom were female, and 64.7% with MetS. Plasma expression of miR-30a and miR-122 was higher in individuals with MetS than in those without MetS, and their expression correlated with fasting glycemia and insulinemia, HOMA1-IR, HDL-c, VLDL-c, LDL-c, non-HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols. Furthermore, negative associations between five miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-16, miR-223, miR-363, miR-532), leptin concentration and/or SIS were observed. In addition, the consumption of different food groups influenced the plasma expression of miRNAs. Daily consumption of 100 g of fruits was related to a reduction in the expression of miR-16, miR-30a, miR-126, miR-130b, miR-363, miR-375, miR-486, miR-532. On the other hand, red meat consumption was associated with an increase in the plasma expression of four miRNAs (miR-126, miR-150, miR-223 and miR-376a). Furthermore, it was observed that the daily consumption of 100 g of vegetables was associated with a 7 times greater chance of the individuals evaluated not having MetS. Conclusions: The increase in the plasma expression of miR-21, miR-30a and miR-122 suggests a greater cardiometabolic risk, while the reduction in the expression of miR-15a, miR-16, miR-223, miR-363 and miR-532 suggests lower cardiometabolic risk in the elderly. Furthermore, the results found emphasize the importance of adopting healthy eating habits in regulating the expression of miRNAs and, consequently, in reducing the risk of developing NCD.

Experiencias infantiles adversas y síndrome metabólico en adultos de una unidad de medicina familiar en Michoacán, México / Adverse childhood experiences and metabolic syndrome in adults in a family medicine unit Michoacán, Mexico

Introducción: las experiencias infantiles adversas (EIA) aumentan el riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas en la edad adulta; no obstante, esta relación ha sido poco estudiada en la población mexicana Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de experiencias infantiles adversas (EIA) y su relación con el síndrome metabólico en personas mayores de 19 años de edad en una unidad de medicina familiar urbana en Michoacán, México. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal y analítico en 127 participantes mayores de 19 años. Se evaluaron sus medidas antropométricas, y cuantificamos los niveles de glucosa en ayuno, triglicéridos y colesterol HDL en sangre. Aplicamos el cuestionario internacional de experiencias infantiles adversas (ACE-IQ). Utilizamos estadística descriptiva y la prueba de Chi cuadrada. Resultados: el 95% de la muestra reportó al menos una EIA, y la más frecuente fue la violencia doméstica. El 45% de los individuos presentaron síndrome metabólico. No se encontró asociación entre el síndrome metabólico ni los componentes con la exposición a las EIA. No obstante, observamos que el divorcio o pérdida de uno de los padres fue más frecuente en los participantes con síndrome metabólico (p = 0.03). Conclusiones: la frecuencia de EIA fue mucho más alta que lo previamente reportado, pero no se observó una asociación con el síndrome metabólico... (AU)

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) increase the risk of metabolic diseases in adulthood; however, this relationship has been scarcely studied in the Mexican population. Objective: To determine the frequency of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to metabolic syndrome in an urban Primary Care Unit from Michoacán, México. Methods: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and analytical study was performed in 127 participants older than 19 years. Their anthropometric measurements were evaluated, and we quantified the blood levels of fasting glucose, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol. The Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) was utilized. We used descriptive statistics and the Chi square test. Results: 95% of the sample reported at least one EIA, and the most frequent was domestic violence. 45% of individuals presented metabolic syndrome. No association was found between the metabolic syndrome or its components with the exposure to EIA. However, we observed that divorce or loss of one of the parents was more frequent in the participants with metabolic syndrome (p = 0.03). Conclusions: The frequency of EIA was much higher than previously reported, however, we did not observe an association of ACE with metabolic... (AU)

Repercusión del síndrome metabólico sobre el crecimiento de fetos de ratas Wistar / Repercussion of the metabolic syndrome on the growth of Wistar rat fetuses

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anomalías metabólicas como obesidad, dislipidemia, intolerancia a la glucosa e hipertensión arterial. Se realizó estudio experimental, longitudinal prospectivo en la Unidad de Toxicología Experimental de Villa Clara, periodo septiembre del 2016 y julio del 2019. Objetivo: Evaluar las modificaciones del crecimiento de los fetos de ratas con síndrome metabólico, con respecto al grupo control. Métodos: Se crearon dos grupos, uno de control y otro de estudio con síndrome metabólico inducido. Las variables estudiadas fueron: peso, talla y diámetros craneanos. Se utilizó el programa Excel 2010 y el SPSS versión 15.0 para Windows, la prueba Chi Cuadrado, y como estadístico de decisión, la significación de Monte Carlo. Resultados: Los fetos de ratas con síndrome metabólico inducido tuvieron mayor peso y talla. Conclusiones: El síndrome metabólico influyó en la ganancia del peso y la talla en los fetos en vida prenatal, al incrementar la probabilidad de macrosomía al momento del nacimiento.

Introduction: metabolic syndrome is a group of metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and arterial hypertension. An experimental, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out in the Villa Clara Experimental Toxicology Unit from September 2016 to July 2019. Objective: to evaluate the changes in the growth of rat fetuses with metabolic syndrome, with respect to the control group. Methods: two groups with induced metabolic syndrome were created, one for control and the other for study. Weight, height and cranial diameters were the studied variables. The Excel 2010 program and SPSS version 15.0 for Windows and the Chi Square test were used, as well as the Monte Carlo significance as statistical decision. Results: rat fetuses with induced metabolic syndrome had greater weight and height. Conclusions: the metabolic syndrome influenced the weight and height gain in prenatal fetuses, increasing the probability of macrosomia at birth.

Índices de fibrosis en el seguimiento de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica / Fibrosis indices in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease follow-up

Introducción: La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica es una afección clínica- morfológica que se caracteriza por una infiltración grasa del hígado en más de un 5 %; tiene dos estadios: esteatosis simple y esteatohepatitis, la cual puede progresar a: fibrosis, cirrosis y hepatocarcinoma. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre las variables clínicas y epidemiológicas con esta enfermedad, así como los índices de fibrosis y su relación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal en los pacientes atendidos en la consulta de hígado y vías biliares del Hospital Universitario « Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau», en la etapa de enero- diciembre de 2017. Se trabajó con una población conformada por 60 pacientes, mayores o igual a 20 años de edad, con diagnóstico de enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica primaria, sobrepesos u obesos. Resultados: Predominó el grupo etario entre 50-59 años de edad, del sexo femenino, obesos y con esteatosis grado I. Se constató que el 73,33% de los pacientes tenían síndrome metabólico y en ellos prevaleció el grado II de esteatosis. Al relacionar los riesgos de fibrosis se encontraron 28 pacientes con riesgo indeterminado y alto en las clasificaciones FIB-4 y NFS, respectivamente, y 5 presentaron alto riesgo en ambas variables. Los índices de FIB-4 y NFS tuvieron una correlación significativa, directamente proporcional y considerable. Conclusiones: La correlación detectada entre los índices FIB-4 y NFS reafirmó el valor en la detección de sospecha de fibrosis y orientó, en la práctica clínica, la conducta ante los diferentes pacientes con esta afección.

Introduction: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a clinical and morphological condition characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver in more than 5%; it has two stages: simple steatosis and steatohepatitis, which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: to determine the relationship between clinical and epidemiological variables with this disease, as well as fibrosis indices and their relationship. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in patients seen in the liver and biliary tract consultation at " Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital from January to December 2017. We worked with a population made up of 60 overweight or obese patients older than or equal to 20 years who were diagnosed with primary non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Results: the age group between 50-59 years of age, female gender, obese ones and with grade I steatosis prevailed. We found that 73.33% of the patients had metabolic syndrome and grade II steatosis prevailed in them. A number of 28 patients were found with indeterminate and high risk in the FIB-4 and NAFLD classifications, respectively, when relating the risks of fibrosis, as well as 5 had high risk in both variables. The FIB-4 and NAFLD indices had a significant, directly proportional, and considerable correlation. Conclusions: the correlation detected between the FIB-4 and NAFLD indices reaffirmed the value in the detection of suspected fibrosis and guided, in clinical practice, the conduct of different patients with this condition.

Asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y el cáncer de mama en mujeres posmenopáusicas: Un estudio observacional de centro único / Association between metabolic syndrome and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A single-center observational study

Introducción: El factor de riesgo más importante para el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico (SM) es la obesidad, un estado pro inflamatorio con alteraciones sistémicas y locales vinculadas al crecimiento tumoral, siendo un determinante en el desarrollo del cáncer de mama en la posmenopausia, en su pronóstico y en la eficacia del tratamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el SM y el Cáncer de Mama en mujeres posmenopáusicas comparradas con un grupo control. Materiales y métodos: El estudio fue de diseño observacional, analítico; se llevó a cabo en el Hospital de SOLCA-Guayaquil entre enero a diciembre del 2019. El muestreo fue no probabilístico. Se incluyeron casos de mujeres de 50 ­ 70 años con patología de mama. Las variables fueron presencia de síndrome metabólico y diagnóstico de cáncer de mama en mujeres posmenopaúsicas. Se utilizó Chi cuadrado, Odds Ratio, el intervalo de confianza al 95 % y valor P < 0.05 para revisar la significancia estadística. Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 157 casos, 107 en el grupo con cáncer de mama (G1) y 50 mujeres (31 %) sin patología maligna (G2). La edad en G1 fue de 59.9±9.9 años en G2 55.5±5.5 (P=0.001). El índice de masa corporal fue 29.05±1.2 en G1 y 26.80±1.3 en G2 (P<0.001). OR del SM para el desarrollo de Cáncer de mama fue 4.60 (IC 95% 2.23-9.51 ) P<0.0001. OR del SM para el desarrollo de cáncer de mama en mujeres menores a 54 años fue de 0.22 (0.069-0.72), P=0.0118. No hubo asociaciones por tipo histológico. Conclusión: Existe asociación entre el SM y el cáncer de mama en mujeres posmenopáusicas, por lo que se debe considerar la salud metabólica como un factor de riesgo clínicamente relevante y modificable para el desarrollo del cáncer.

Introduction: The most critical risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome (MS) is obesity, a pro-inflammatory state with systemic and local alterations linked to tumor growth. It is a determinant in developing postmenopausal breast cancer in its prognosis. and the efficacy of treatment. This study aimed to determine the association between MS and Breast Cancer in postmenopausal women compared to a control group. Materials and methods: The study had an observational, analytical design at the SOLCA-Guayaquil Hospital between January and December 2019. The sampling was non-probabilistic. Cases of women between 50 and 70 years of age with breast pathology were included. The variables were the presence of metabolic syndrome and diagnosis of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Chi-square, Odds Ratio, 95% confidence interval, and P value < 0.05 were used to review statistical significance. Results: 157 cases entered the study, 107 in the group with breast cancer (G1) and 50 women (31%) without malignancy (G2). The age in G1 was 59.9±9.9 years in G2 55.5±5.5 (P=0.001). The body mass index was 29.05±1.2 in G1 and 26.80±1.3 in G2 (P<0.001). OR of the MS for the development of breast cancer was 4.60 (95% CI 2.23-9.51) P<0.0001. OR of the MS for the development of breast cancer in women under 54 years of age was 0.22 (0.069-0.72), P=0.0118. There were no associations by histological type. Conclusion: There is an association between MS and breast cancer in postmenopausal women, so metabolic health should be considered a clinically relevant and modifiable risk factor for cancer development.

Effect of clinical treatments for metabolic syndrome on albuminuria: a systematic review protocol

Introduction:Metabolic syndrome (MetS) predicts cardiovascular disease, and patients with this condition and type 2 diabetes have increased albuminuria, significantly impacting cardiovascular mortality and kidney disease progression. A considerable number of interventions to control MetS exist and are considered efficient, including the use of medication and changes in lifestyle. However, which approaches are effective in controlling albuminuria remains unclear. This systematic review protocol aims to map in the available literature whether lifestyle, medication, and surgical intervention for MetS have an impact on reducing albuminuria in adult patients. Methods: The Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for systematic reviews will be followed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Embase, and MEDLINE/PubMed databases will be used. For the Gray Literature, the DART-Europe E-theses Portal. There will be no language restriction. Studies written after 2009 will be included due to the consensus and definition of metabolic syndrome. This review will include studies considering pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for controlling albuminuria in patients with MetS. Studies where MetS is described in children and adolescents, animals, pregnant women, and patients with type 1 diabetes will be excluded. First, the selection will be based on reading the title and summary of the texts retrieved in the search strategy, followed by reading the relevant texts in full by two reviewers. After the selection of the studies, the extraction of the data, analysis, and synthesis will be conducted according to the JBI methodology

Riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score en atención primaria / Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus According to the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in Primary care

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2, representa 90-95 por ciento de todas las diabetes, es una enfermedad crónica potencialmente prevenible, la escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados a nivel mundial para evaluar el riesgo de presentar diabetes en 10 años con enfoque fácil y económico. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes en los próximos 10 años según escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score en pacientes en una Unidad Médica Familiar de México. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, se aplicó la escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score a 383 pacientes y se analizaron las variables implicadas en dicha escala, las variables edad e índice de masa corporal se describieron con medidas de tendencia central, las variables sexo, escolaridad, así como aquellas dicotómicas y de intervalo, mediante razones y proporciones. Se midió asociación mediante Odds Ratio para dicotómicas y coeficiente de Spearman para numéricas. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue de 47 años, predominó el sexo femenino, el 71,5 por ciento reportó sedentarismo, el 51,9 por ciento refirió un familiar de primer grado con diabetes, se determinó probabilidad del 67 por ciento de tener peso normal al realizar actividad física diaria; se determinó una probabilidad del 65 por ciento de presentar prediabetes si se tiene sobrepeso u obesidad, se determinó asociación lineal entre índice de masa corporal y edad, el riesgo predominante para desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en 10 años fue alto. Conclusiones: El riesgo de desarrollar diabetes en 10 años en la población estudiada fue elevado y se relacionó con falta de actividad física, antecedentes familiares y sobrepeso(AU)

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, accounts for 90-95 percent of all diabetes. It is a potentially preventable chronic disease. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score is one of the most widely used instruments worldwide to assess the risk of developing diabetes in 10 years with an easy and inexpensive approach. Objective: To determine the risk of developing diabetes in the next 10 years according to the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in patients in a Family Medical Unit in Mexico. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score was applied to 383 patients and the variables involved in this scale were analyzed. The variables age and body mass index were described with measures of central tendency, while the variables gender, schooling, as well as dichotomous and interval variables, were described by ratios and proportions. Association was measured by Odds Ratio for dichotomous variables and Spearman's coefficient for numerical variables. Results: The average age was 47 years and female gender predominated. Sedentary lifestyle was reported by 71.5 percent and 51.9 percent reported a first-degree relative with diabetes. A 67percent probability of having a normal weight was determined when performing daily physical activity. In addition, a 65percent probability of having prediabetes was established if overweight or obese, and a linear association was found between body mass index and age. The predominant risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in 10 years was high. Conclusions: The risk of developing diabetes in 10 years in the studied population was high and was related to lack of physical activity, family history and overweight(AU)

Síndrome metabólico en el adulto mayor vinculado a los programas de actividad física comunitaria / Metabolic Syndrome in the Elderly Adult Involved in the Community Physical Activity Programs

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico es una situación clínica compleja que se asocia a un incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad. Los elementos que lo componen aumentan el riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo II y enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento del síndrome metabólico en el adulto mayor vinculado a los programas de actividad física comunitaria del proyecto Lindo Amanecer del municipio Arroyo Naranjo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. El universo de estudio lo constituyeron 120 adultos mayores, de los que se entrevistaron a 106, en el período de abril a octubre de 2018. Se siguieron los criterios del Adult Treatment Panel III para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. Las variables descriptivas se expresaron en porcientos y para la comparación de variables en estudio se utilizó el método estadístico de ji al cuadrado. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un 41,51 por ciento de personas con síndrome metabólico, predominaron las personas de 70 y más años de edad (54,54 por ciento y el sexo femenino (93,18 por ciento). El 100 por ciento tuvieron cifras de presión arterial ≥ 130/85 mmHg. El 100 por ciento de los pacientes desconocían su enfermedad. Conclusiones: Se encontró predominio en los pacientes con síndrome metabólico del sexo femenino y del grupo de edad de 70 y más años. El diagnóstico a nivel de la Atención Primaria de Salud es deficiente. Se asocia a la hipertensión arterial, obesidad abdominal y al riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a complex clinical situation associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. The elements that mark it up increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Objective: To determine the behavior of metabolic syndrome in elderly adults involved in the community physical activity programs of the Lindo Amanecer project in the municipality of Arroyo Naranjo. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out. The study universe was made up of 120 elderly adults, 106 of which were interviewed in the period from April to October 2018. The Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome were followed. The descriptive variables were expressed in percentages and, for the comparison of variables under study, the chi-square statistical method was used. Results: The obtained results showed 41.51percent of people with metabolic syndrome, with a predominance of people aged 70 years and older (54.54percent) and the female sex (93.18percent). One hundred percent had blood pressure values over or equal to 130/85 mmHg. One hundred percent of the patients did not have any knowledge of their disease. Conclusions: In patients with metabolic syndrome, the predominance corresponded to the female sex, as well as the age group of 70 years and older. Diagnosis at the primary healthcare level is deficient. It is associated with arterial hypertension, abdominal obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease(AU)

Relación del consumo de calcio con el síndrome metabólico en adultos de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana / Relationship of calcium consumption with metabolic syndrome in adults from the Ecuadorian Amazon

Introducción. El Síndrome Metabólico (SM) comprende un conjunto de factores de riesgo cardiometabólico representado por obesidad central, dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial y glucosa alterada, se ha evidenciado que el consumo adecuado de calcio representa una disminución del riesgo para este síndrome. Objetivo. Analizar la relación entre el consumo de calcio total, de origen animal y vegetal con el SM y sus indicadores. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal de eje correlacional, con una muestra de 100 adultos de la región amazónica ecuatoriana, durante el último trimestre del 2020. La ingesta dietética de calcio se determinó mediante un recordatorio de 24 horas y el SM según los criterios de Adult Treatment Panel-IV (ATP-IV). Resultados. La población estuvo conformada por adultos maduros (40 a 60 años) que evidenciaron una ingesta de calcio deficiente (182,50 mg y 228,60 mg en mujeres y hombres respectivamente). Se evidenció, además, una relación directamente proporcional entre la circunferencia abdominal (r=0,391 ­ p=0,000), presión arterial sistólica (r=0,290 ­ p=0,000) y glucosa en ayuno (r=0,326 ­ p=0,000) con la edad. La ingesta de calcio total se relacionó positivamente con los triglicéridos, (r=0,221 ­ p=0,027). Conclusiones. La ingesta dietética de calcio en ambos sexos no alcanza el requerimiento diario y se relaciona positivamente con los triglicéridos(AU)

Introduction. The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) comprises a set of cardiometabolic risk factors represented by central obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure and altered glucose, it has been shown that adequate calcium intake represents a decreased risk for this syndrome. Objective. To analyze the relationship between the consumption of total calcium, animal and vegetable origin, with MS and its indicators. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study of correlational axis, with a sample of 100 adults from the Ecuadorian Amazon region, during the last quarter of 2020. Dietary calcium intake was determined through a 24-hour recall and the diagnosis of MS according to the Adult Treatment Panel- IV (ATP-IV) criteria. Results. The population consisted of mature adults (40 to 60 years) who showed a deficient calcium intake in both sexes (182.50 mg and 228.60 mg in women and men respectively). There is also evidence of a directly proportional relationship between abdominal circumference (r=0.391 - p=0.000), systolic blood pressure (r=0.290 - p=0.000) and fasting glucose (r=0.326 - p=0.000) with age. Total calcium intake was positively related to triglycerides (r=0.221 ­ p=0.027). Conclusions. Calcium dietary intake in both sexes does not reach the daily requirement and is positively related to triglycerides(AU)

Compuestos bioactivos de canela y su efecto en la disminución del síndrome metabólico: revisión sistemática / Bioactive compounds of cinnamon and their effect on decreasing metabolic syndrome: systematic review

Introducción. El síndrome metabólico (SM) aumenta el ingreso hospitalario y el riesgo de desarrollar COVID-19, los fármacos utilizados para su tratamiento ocasionan efectos secundarios por lo que se ha optado por la búsqueda de alternativas terapéuticas a base de compuestos bioactivos contenidos en plantas medicinales. La canela se utiliza como agente terapéutico debido a sus propiedades comprobadas con diversos mecanismos de acción reportados en el tratamiento de varias patologías. Objetivo. Documentar los estudios in vitro, in vivo, estudios clínicos y los mecanismos de acción reportados del efecto de la administración de extractos y polvo de canela en las comorbilidades relacionadas con el SM. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemàtica de artículos en bases de datos electrónicas, incluyendo estudios de canela en polvo, extractos acuosos, de acetato de etilo y metanol de la corteza de canela, período de 5 años, excluyendo todo artículo relacionado a su efecto antimicrobiano, antifúngico y aceite de canela. Resultados. Las evidencias de los principales compuestos bioactivos contenidos en la canela validan su potencial en el tratamiento de enfermedades relacionadas al SM, con limitados estudios que indagan en los mecanismos de acción correspondientes a sus actividades biológicas. Conclusiones. Las evidencias de las investigaciones validan su potencial en el tratamiento de estas patologías, debido a sus principales compuestos bioactivos: cinamaldehído, transcinamaldehído, ácido cinámico, eugenol y, antioxidantes del tipo proantocianidinas A y flavonoides, los cuales participan en diversos mecanismos de acción que activan e inhiben enzimas, con efecto hipoglucemiante (quinasa y fosfatasa), antiobesogénico (UPC1), antiinflamatorio (NOS y COX), hipolipemiante (HMG-CoA) y antihipertensivo (ECA)(AU)

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MS) increases hospital admission and the risk of developing COVID-19. Due to the side effects caused by the drugs used for its treatment, the search for therapeutic alternatives based on bioactive compounds contained in medicinal plants has been chosen. Cinnamon is used as a therapeutic agent due to its proven properties with various mechanisms of action reported in the treatment of various pathologies. Objective. To document the in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical studies and the mechanisms of action reported on the effect of the administration of cinnamon extracts and powder on comorbidities related to MS. Materials and methods. Systematic review of articles in electronic databases, including studies of cinnamon powder, aqueous extracts, ethyl acetate and methanol from cinnamon bark, over a period of 5 years, excluding all those articles related to its antimicrobial, antifungal and antimicrobial effect. cinnamon oil. Results. The evidence of the main bioactive compounds contained in cinnamon validates its potential in the treatment of diseases related to MS, with limited studies that investigate the mechanisms of action corresponding to its biological activities. Conclusions. Research evidence validates its potential in the treatment of these pathologies, due to its main bioactive compounds: cinnamaldehyde, transcinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, eugenol, and antioxidants of the proanthocyanidin A type and flavonoids, which participate in various mechanisms of action that activate and they inhibit enzymes, with hypoglycemic (kinase and phosphatase), antiobesogenic (UPC1), anti-inflammatory (NOS and COX), lipid-lowering (HMG-CoA) and antihypertensive (ACE) effects(AU)

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en estudiantes del Campus San Lorenzo de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in students of the Campus San Lorenzo of the National University of Asunción

Introducción. El síndrome metabólico (SM) constituye una serie de desórdenes metabólicos que en conjunto son considerados factor de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia del SM y sus componentes en estudiantes del campus San Lorenzo dela Universidad Nacional de Asunción en el periodo 2015-2016. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso con un muestreo por conglomerados. Se incluyeron a 163 estudiantes de facultades o institutos seleccionados. Se aplicó un cuestionario para datos sociodemográficos y actividad física, y se realizaron mediciones de circunferencia de cintura(CC), peso y altura, además de niveles séricos en ayunas de glucosa, colesterol-HDLc y triglicéridos, conjuntamente con medición de presión arterial para determinar la presencia de SM según los criterios del Panel III (NCEP-ATP-III). Los datos fueron resguardados con estricta confidencialidad. Resultados.El50,92% de los participantes era del sexo masculino, con edad promedio de 21,6± 2,4 años. El 49,7% fueron considerados sedentarios,25,16% presentó sobrepeso, 8,59% obesidad,6,75% CCelevaday16,56% hipertensión. El 2,45% y 4,9% presenta ronglicemia basal y triglicérido elevados, respectivamente, y 37,42%HDL-c bajo. La prevalencia del SM fue del 4,91%,el 52,15 % presentó al menos un factor del NCEP-ATP-III para SM Conclusión. Alrededor de la mitad de los participantes presentó al menos un factor de riesgo de SM, y los componentes más frecuentes fueron la baja concentración de HDLc, y la hipertensión arterial. Se recomienda acciones preventivas en la población juvenil basadas en actividad física y alimentación saludable. Palabras Clave: síndrome metabólico; hipertensión; sobrepeso; adulto joven

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome (MS) constitutes of a series of metabolic disorders that together are considered a risk factor to develop diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Objective.To determine the prevalence of MS and its components in students of the National University of Asunción ­San Lorenzo Campusin the 2015-2016 period. Materials and Methods.Observational descriptive cross-sectional study with a cluster sampling. A total of 163 students from selected faculties or instituteswas included. A questionnaire was applied for sociodemographic data and physical activityandwaist circumference(WC), weight and height were measured, as well as fasting serum levels of Glucose, HDLc cholesterol and triglycerides, together with blood pressure to determine the presence of MS according to the Panel III criteria (NCEP-ATP-III). All data were kept strictly confidential. Results. 50,92% of participants were male, with a mean age of 21,6± 2,4 years.49.7% were considered sedentary,25,16% presented overweight, and 8,59% obesity, 16,56%hypertension. 6,75% presentedan elevated abdominal circumference,2,45% elevated basal glycemia, 4,9% elevated Triglycerides, 37,42% low HDLc.The prevalence of MS was 4,91%and52,15% presented at least one NCEP-ATP-III factor for MS. Conclusion. Aroundhalf of the participantspresented at least one risk factor for MS, the most frequent components were low HDLc concentration and arterial hypertension.It is recommendedpreventive actions in the youth population based on physical activity and healthy eating. Key words: metabolic syndrome; hypertension; overweight; young adult

Association between different growth patterns and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the association between different growth patterns and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years, and to provide suggestions for the prevention and control of metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents.@*METHODS@#Data were collected from the research project "Development and Application of Technology and Related Standards for Prevention and Control of Major Diseases among Students" of public health industry in 2012. This project is a cross-sectional study design. A total of 65 347 students from 93 primary and secondary schools in 7 provinces including Guangdong were selected by stratified cluster random sampling method. Given the budget, 25% of the students were randomly selected to collect blood samples. In this study, 10 176 primary and middle school students aged 7 to 17 years with complete physical measurements and blood biochemical indicators were selected as research objects. Chi-square test was used to compare the distribution differences of growth patterns under different demographic characteristics. Birth weight, waist circumference and blood biochemical indexes were expressed in the form of mean ± standard deviation, and the differences among different groups were compared by variance analysis. Binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between different growth patterns and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents was 6.56%, 7.18% in boys and 5.97% in girls. The risk of metabolic syndrome was higher in the catch-down growth group than in the normal growth group (OR=1.417, 95%CI: 1.19-1.69), and lower in the catch-up growth group(OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.53-0.82). After adjusting for gender, age and so on, the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the catch-down growth group was higher than that in the normal growth group (OR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.02-1.52), but there was no significant difference between the catch-up growth group and the normal growth group (OR=0.79, 95%CI: 0.62-1.01). Stratified analysis showed that the association between different growth patterns and metabolic syndrome was statistically significant in the 7-12 years group, urban population, and Han Chinese student population.@*CONCLUSION@#There is a correlation between different growth patterns and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. The risk of developing metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents with catch-down growth is higher than that in the normal growth group, which suggests that attention should be paid to the growth and development of children and adolescents, timely correction of delayed growth and prevention of adverse health outcomes.

Depression status of elderly patients with metabolic syndrome in three provinces of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the depression status and its influencing factors in elderly patients with MS in China and to explore the correlation between various components of elderly MS and depression. Methods: This study is based on the "Prevention and Intervention of Key Diseases in Elderly" project. We used a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method to complete 16 199 elderly aged 60 years and above in 16 counties (districts) in Liaoning, Henan, and Guangdong Provinces in 2019, excluding 1 001 missing variables. Finally, 15 198 valid samples were included for analysis. The respondents' MS disease was obtained through questionnaires and physical examinations, and the respondents' depression status within the past half month was assessed using the PHQ-9 Depression Screening Scale. The correlation between elderly MS and its components and depression and its influencing factors were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: A total of 15 198 elderly aged 60 years and above were included in this study, with the prevalence of MS at 10.84% and the detection rate of depressive symptoms in MS patients at 25.49%. The detection rates of depressive symptoms in patients with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 MS abnormal group scores were 14.56%, 15.17%, 18.01%, 25.21%, and 26.65%, respectively. The number of abnormal components of MS was positively correlated with the detection rate of depressive symptoms, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The risk of depression symptoms in patients with MS, overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was 1.73 times (OR=1.73, 95%CI:1.51-1.97), 1.13 times (OR=1.13, 95%CI:1.03-1.24), 1.25 times (OR=1.25, 95%CI:1.14-1.38), 1.41 times (OR=1.41, 95%CI:1.24-1.60), 1.81 times (OR=1.81,95%CI:1.61-2.04), respectively, more than those without the disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the detection rate of depressive symptoms in patients with sleep disorders was higher than that with normal sleep (OR=4.89, 95%CI: 3.79-6.32). The detection rate of depressive symptoms in patients with cognitive dysfunction was 2.12 times higher than that in the average population (OR=2.12, 95%CI: 1.56-2.89). The detection rate of depressive symptoms in patients with impaired instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) was 2.31 times (OR=2.31, 95%CI: 1.64-3.26) higher than that in the average population. Tea drinking (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.54-0.98) and physical exercise (OR=0.67, 95%CI: 0.49-0.90) seemed to be protective factors for depression in elderly MS patients (P<0.05). Conclusions: Older patients with MS and its component abnormalities have a higher risk of depression than the average population. Sleep disorders, cognitive impairment, and IADL impairment are important influencing factors for depression in elderly MS patients, while tea drinking and physical exercise may help to reduce the risk of the disease.

Analysis of Clinical Data and Construction of A Diagnostic Prediction Model for Metabolic Syndrome after Single-Center Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / 中国实验血液学杂志

UNLABELLED@#AbstractObjective: To analysis the clinical data of patients after single-center hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and construct a predictive model for metabolic syndrome (MS) diagnosis.@*METHODS@#Ninety-three hematology patients who underwent HSCT at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from July 2015 to September 2022 were selected to collect basic data, transplantation status and postoperative data, the clinical characteristics of patients with and without MS after transplantation were compared and analyzed. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence fators of MS after transplantation, and a predictive model of HSCT-MS diagnosis was constructed under the influence of independent influence factors. The model was evaluated using the ceceiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve).@*RESULTS@#Metabolic syndrome occurred in 36 of 93 HSCT patients and did not occur in 57. Compared with non-HSCT-MS group, HSCT-MS had significantly higher fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels before transplantation, shorter course before transplantation, and higher bilirubin levels after transplantation (P<0.05). The statistically significant clinical indicators were subjected to multi-factor logistic regression analysis, and the results showed that pre-transplant high FBG, pre-transplant short disease course and post-transplant high bilirubin were independent influence factors for HSCT-MS. The standard error of predicting the occurrence of HSCT-MS based on the clinical model was 0.048, the area under the curve AUC=0.776, 95% CI :0.683-0.869, the optimal threshold was 0.58 based on the Jorden index at maximum, the sensitivity was 0.694, and the specificity was 0.772, which has certain accuracy.@*CONCLUSION@#A clinical prediction model for HSCT-MS based on logistic regression analysis is constructed through the analysis of clinical data, which has certain clinical value.

Relationship between skeletal muscle mass index and metabolic phenotypes of obesity in adolescents / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the relationship between skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and metabolic phenotypes of obesity in adolescents, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of adolescent obesity and related metabolic diseases.@*METHODS@#A total of 1 352 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were randomly selected by stratified cluster sampling in Yinchuan City from October 2017 to September 2020, and they were surveyed using questionnaires, physical measurements, body composition measurements, and laboratory tests. According to the diagnostic criteria for metabolic abnormalities and the definition of obesity based on the body mass index, the subjects were divided into four metabolic phenotypes: metabolically healthy normal weight, metabolically healthy obesity, metabolically unhealthy normal weight, and metabolically unhealthy obesity. The association between SMI and the metabolic phenotypes was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.@*RESULTS@#The SMI level in the metabolically unhealthy normal weight, metabolically healthy obesity, and metabolically unhealthy obesity groups was lower than that in the metabolically healthy normal weight group (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for gender and age, a higher SMI level was a protective factors for adolescents to develop metabolic unhealthy normal weight, metabolically healthy obesity, and metabolically unhealthy obesity phenotypes (OR=0.74, 0.60, and 0.54, respectively; P<0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Increasing SMI can reduce the risk of the development of metabolic unhealthy/obesity.

Research progress in the association of peri-implant diseases and metabolic syndrome / 中华口腔医学杂志

Peri-implant disease, an important group of diseases that cause implant failure, are associated with metabolic abnormality. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common metabolic disorder comprising abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, systemic hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Previous studies had reported that MetS and its diversified clinical manifestations might be associated with peri-implant diseases, but the relationship and underlying mechanisms were unclear. This review aims to explore the relationship between MetS and peri-implant disease, in order to provide beneficial reference for the prevention and treatment of peri-implant disease in patients with MetS.

Role of brown adipose tissue in phlegm-dampness metabolic syndrome based on infrared thermal imaging / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to explore the infrared manifestation and role of brown adipose tissue(BAT) in phlegm-dampness me-tabolic syndrome(MS), and to provide objective basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of phlegm-dampness MS. Subjects were selected from the department of endocrinology and ward in the South District of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences from August 2021 to April 2022, including 20 in healthy control group, 40 in non phlegm-dampness MS group and 40 in phlegm-dampness MS group. General information, height and weight of the subjects were collected and body mass index(BMI) was calculated. Waist circumference(WC), systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP) was measured. Triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), fasting blood glucose(FBG), fasting insulin(FINS), leptin(LP), adiponectin(ADP) and fibroblast growth factor-21(FGF-21) were detected. The infrared thermal image of the supraclavicular region(SCR) of the subjects before and after cold stimulation test was collected by infrared thermal imager and the changes of infrared thermal image in the three groups were observed. In addition, the differences in the average body surface temperature of SCR among the three groups were compared, and the changes of BAT in SCR were analyzed. The results showed compared with the conditions in healthy control group, the levels of WC, SBP, DBP, TG and FPG in MS groups were increased(P<0.01), and the HDL-C level was decreased(P<0.01). Compared with non phlegm-dampness MS group, phlegm-dampness MS group had higher conversion score of phlegm dampness physique(P<0.01). According to the infrared heat map, there was no difference in the average body surface temperature of SCR among the three groups before cold stimulation. while after cold stimulation, the average body surface temperature of SCR in MS groups was lower than that in healthy control group(P<0.05). After cold stimulation, the maximum temperature of SCR and its arrival time in the three groups were as follows: healthy control group(3 min)>non phlegm-dampness MS group(4 min)>phlegm-dampness MS group(5 min). The thermal deviation of SCR was increased and the average body surface temperature of left and right sides were higher(P<0.01) in healthy control group and non phlegm-dampness MS group, while the thermal deviation of SCR did not change significantly in the phlegm-dampness MS group. Compared with that in healthy control group, the elevated temperature between left and right sides was lower(P<0.01, P<0.05), and compared with that in non phlegm-dampness MS group, the elevated temperature of left side was lower(P<0.05). The changes of the average body surface temperature of SCR in the three groups were in the order of healthy control group>non phlegm-dampness MS group>phlegm-dampness MS group. Compared with the conditions in healthy control group and non phlegm-dampness MS group, FINS, BMI and FGF-21 levels were increased(P<0.01,P<0.05), while ADP level was decreased(P<0.01, P<0.05) in phlegm-dampness MS group. Moreover, the LP level in phlegm-dampness MS group was higher than that in non phlegm-dampness MS group(P<0.01). It was observed in clinical trials that after cold stimulation, the average body surface temperature of SCR in MS patients was lower than that of the healthy people; the thermal deviation of SCR did not change significantly in the phlegm-dampness MS patients, and the difference in their elevated temperature was lower than that in the other two groups. These characteristics provided objective basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of phlegm-dampness MS. With abnormal BAT related indicators, it was inferred that the content or activity of BAT in SCR of phlegm-dampness MS patients were reduced. There was a high correlation between BAT and phlegm-dampness MS, and thus BAT might become an important potential target for the intervention in phlegm-dampness MS.

Study on the relationship between the age at natural menopause and postmenopausal metabolic syndrome / 中华预防医学杂志

To explore the relationship between the early or delayed age at natural menopause and metabolic syndrome (MS) in women. A total of 4 734 natural menopausal women who completed the baseline survey from November 2017 to January 2020 in the Guangzhou Middle-aged and Elderly Chronic Disease Prospective Cohort Study were selected in this cross-sectional study. Data on general demographic characteristics, disease history and female physiological health indicators were collected. Logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline curve were used to analyze the relationship between the age at natural menopause and MS. The results showed that the mean age of the subjects was (60±6) years old. The median (Q1,Q3) age at natural menopause was 50 (49, 52) years old, and the prevalence of MS was 14.8%(699/4 734). After adjusting for confounders, the age at natural menopause was closely related to MS in an approximate"U"shape. Compared with the group of normal age at natural menopause, the early age at menopause (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.12-2.06) and delayed age at menopause (OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.36-2.30) had a higher risk of MS. In the group with time since menopause ≤6 years and 7-9 years, the risk of MS in the group with delayed age at menopause was 2.40 times (95%CI: 1.54-3.75) and 2.19 times (95%CI: 1.11-4.31) higher than that in the group with normal menopausal age, respectively. In conclusion, the early and delayed age at natural menopause increased the risk of MS. The increased risk of MS in delayed age at natural menopause mainly occurred within 10 years since menopause.

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes pós-transplante renal / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in post-kidney transplantation patients

O desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica após o transplante renal (TxR) é evidenciado na literatura e se caracteriza por alterações que conferem a redução da função do enxerto. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e identificar variáveis que se associam à síndrome metabólica em receptores de TxR tardio. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico realizado com pacientes receptores de TxR. Foram incluídos participantes com idade superior ou igual a 18 anos, receptores de TxR tardio em acompanhamento superior a 6 meses. A análise descritiva dos dados foi expressa por médias, desvio padrão, medianas e percentuais. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk ao nível de 5% de significância. Aplicou-se o teste de comparação de médias para duas amostras independentes, teste t de Student. Foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Pearson para avaliar as possíveis relações existentes entre a variável tempo pós TxR com as outras variáveis de interesse. Resultados: Ao avaliar 43 pacientes com idade média de 50,9 ± 9,8 anos, notou-se que a síndrome metabólica esteve presente em 53,85% dos voluntários e que se associou ao peso prévio (p= 0,018), concentrações séricas de triglicerídeos (p= 0,001), menores médias de HDL (p= 0,053) e, também, foi verificada uma associação marginal com a circunferência da cintura (p= 0,051). A SM foi prevalente no período pós TxR. Ainda, as maiores médias de peso prévio ao TxR, de circunferência da cintura, de triglicerídeos e as menores médias de HDL se associaram à SM

The onset of metabolic syndrome (MS) after kidney transplantation (KTx) is evidenced in the literature and this is characterized by alterations that confer a reduction in the function of the transplantation. Objective: The aim of this research is to describe the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and to identify the variables that are associated with the metabolic syndrome in recipients of belated KTx. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study carried out with patients receiving KTx. Participants aged 18 years or older, recipients of late KTx with follow-up longer than 6 months, were included. The descriptive analysis of the data was expressed as means, standard deviation, medians and percentages. Data normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test at a 5% significance level. The mean comparison test was applied for two independent samples, Student's t test. Pearson's correlation test was used to assess possible association between the variable time after KTx and the other variables of interest. Results: Forty-three patients with a mean age of 50.9 ± 9.8 years were evaluated and metabolic syndrome was present in 53.85% of the volunteers. There was an association with previous weight (p= 0.018), serum triglyceride concentrations (p= 0.001) and lower HDL means (p= 0.053) and and a marginal association with waist circumference (p=0,0051). MS was prevalent in the post-KTx period. Furthermore, the highest means of weight prior to KTx, waist circumference, TG and the lowest means of HDL were associated with MS